话题分类

社会类、科技类、教育类、政府类、环境类、犯罪类、媒体/广告类、文化类

题型分类

  • 观点论证型
    • 双边讨论型
    • 权衡利弊型
    • 同不同意型
  • 报告型：对题目陈述的现象或事实进行分析，包括原因、影响和解决方案
  • 综合型：将前面两类问题结合起来，一般会有两个问题

评分标准

  • TR (Task Response)
    • 回应所有任务
    • 观点清晰
    • 论点充足，论据充分
  • CC (Coherence and Cohesion)
    • 内容连贯，逻辑清晰
    • 恰当使用各种衔接手段
    • 合理分段，每段中心句明确
  • LR (Lexical Resources)
    • 词汇使用正确
      • 拼写正确、避免缩写
      • 避免口语化表达、避免绝对化表达（加数量限定词、频率副词、情态动词等来规避此问题）
      • 注意搭配（如 acquire knowledge）
    • 词汇丰富：多使用同义词、派生词、上下义词
  • GR&A (Grammatical Range & Accuracy)
    • 语法正确：时态错误、主谓不一致、动词原形作主语、流水句
    • 简单句复杂句配合使用：中心句用简单句，观点论证用复杂句，2–3 个简单句搭配一个复杂句
    • 句型多样：强调句、倒装句、被动语态、分词作状语
    • 标点无误：注意中英文标点差异、避免使用带强烈感情色彩的标点符号（问号、叹号）

首段写作

首段三要素

  • 背景介绍（可省略）
  • 题目改写（必须有）
  • 个人观点（最好有）

要素一：背景介绍

参考语料：

  • 在当代
    • at present
    • recently
    • currently
    • these days
  • 进步/发展
    • with the growth/development/advances of
    • advance
    • develop
  • 普及/流行
    • with the spread/proliferation of
    • become prevalent/popular
    • gain popularity
  • 扮演重要角色
    • play a/an significant/important/vital role
  • 令人不安/担忧
    • be/become disturbing
    • be/become worrying
    • attract conern
    • There be concern about
  • 中性现象求关注
    • It has been noticed that ……
    • It is true that ……
    • It is an undeniable fact that ……

要素二：题目改写

  • 各抒己见法
  • 陈述争议法
  • 古今对比法
  • 让步法

各抒己见法

一些人认为观点 A，而另一些人认为观点 B

数量 人 认为 观点
some
most
an increasing number
a majority of
quite a few		 people
individuals
experts
specialists
educationalists
others
other people		 think
claim
argue
believe
insist
hold the view of		 观点 A/B

陈述争议法

是观点 A 还是观点 B 引起了热烈的讨论

  • Whether A (or B) has aroused a heated discussion.
  • There has been a heated discussion/debate/argument/controversy over whether A (or B).
  • When it comes to whether A (or B), people hold differing/divergent/conflicting/contradictory views/opinions.

例：Some groups of people have benefited from modern communication technology, but others think they don’t benefit from it at all. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2017.08.12)
改写一：There has been a heated controversy over whether advanced communication technology invented in modern times brings benefits to individuals or not.
改写二：When it comes to whether advanced technology for communication, like mobiles and computers, is beneficial to individuals or not, people hold contradictory views.

例：Some people say that economic growth is the only way to end world poverty and hunger. Others say that economic growth is causing damage to the environment and should be stopped now. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (2019.09.07)
改写一：There has been a heated controversy over whether we should pursue economic developement to eliminate poverty and starvation in the world or give up economy for the sake of the enviroment.
改写二：There has been a heated controversy over whether economic developement or enviromental protection should be put high on the agenda/enjoy top priority.

古今对比法

  • 以前：in the past, previously, formly, traditionally, …… years ago
  • 现在：now, currently, at present, today, these days

例：Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than a secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? (C9T1)
改写：In the past, children began studying foreign languages at secondary school, but now it is widely recommended by some educationalists that foreign language learning should begin earlier.

例：More and more people buy and use their own car. Do you think advantages of this trend for individuals outweigh the disadvantages for environment? (2019.06.22)
改写一：Thirty years ago, private vehicles were exclusive to well-off families, but these days, an increasing number of individuals are able to afford their own cars.
改写二：Previously, the majority of citizens travel by public transport, but currently, with the proliferation of private vehicles, driving one’s own car has become the most prevalent way of travelling.

让步法

尽管观点 A，但我认为观点 B

当题干中出现绝对表述如：最高级、all、only、not、never、no longer 时，可以考虑用让步法改写题目。

例：Many governments think that economic progress is their most important goal. Some people, however, think that other types of progress are equally important for a country. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. (C11T4)
改写：Although/While it is often suggested that governments should give top priority to economic growth, I personally believe other principal developments in such fields as education, military and medical care should also be valued.

例：Every year several languages die out. Some people think that this is not important because life will be easier if there are fewer languages in the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (C9T4)
改写：Although it is often believed the disappearance of languages is of no importance since it can simplify our lives, I personally think language diversity should be valued and protected by governments.

要素三：个人观点

我个人认为 Personally, From my own perspective, As far as I am concerned

  • 双边讨论型
    • 同意一边：I tend to agree with/support/side with the former/latter view.
    • 中立：these two opinions do not necessarily contradict each other, but could be adopted simultaneously.
  • 同不同意型
    • 完全同意：I am fully supportive of/in favor of ……
    • 部分同意：
      • I think the view is only partly true.
      • I find myself in agreement with the view, but with reservations.
    • 完全反对：I disagree with/disapprove of/am totally against ……
  • 权衡利弊型
    • sth has more benefits than drawbacks.
    • The merits outweigh the demerits.

例子

Some people think that robots are very important for human’s future development. Others, however, think that robots are a dangerous invention that could have negative effects on society. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (2011.01.08 & 2020.10.10)
(背景介绍) With the development of science and technology, an increasing number of inventions have appeared, among which robots might be the most debatable one. 随着科技的发展，越来越多的发明涌现出来，其中机器人可能是最具争议的一个。
(改写题目) Some individuals hold the view that robots can bring benefits to our life and work, while other people worry that they may jeopardize our future.
(个人观点) Personally, I tend to agree with the former view.

谋篇布局

双边支持结构

段落 内容
首段 背景介绍 + 改写题目 + 个人观点
主体段一 中心句：概括一方观点
论点 1 + 论据 1
论点 2 + 论据 2
(论点 3 + 论据 3)
主体段二 中心句：概括另一方观点
论点 1 + 论据 1
论点 2 + 论据 2
(论点 3 + 论据 3)
结尾段 总结：重申个人观点

例：It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician. Discuss about the two views and give your own ideas. (C7T1)

(开头段) The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music. From my perspective, they both have an indispensable role to play in becoming outstanding sportsmen or musicians. (陈述争议 + 表明个人观点)

(主体段 1) Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practice. (这一段讨论教育)

(主体段 2) However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. In other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices. In addition, such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level.

(结尾段) I personally think as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent.

例：In the past, the role of teacher was to provide information. Today, students have access to wide sources of information. There is, therefore, no role of teachers in modern education. Do you agree or disagree? (20170325)

  • 老师的其它角色
    • 提供准确系统的知识：provide accurate and systematic knowledge
    • 互动式教学：interactive teaching
    • 育人：inculcate students with positive values, virtues and good qualities
  • 自己找信息的好处
    • 方便，随时随地：convenient
    • 信息全面丰富：abundant and rich information
  • 总结段：In conclusion, teachers and the Internet have their own unique functions and advantages that are irreplaceable. A combination of them would enable students to study more effectively and efficiently.

例： Some people say that traveling abroad is necessary to get knowledge about other countries. But some suggest that TV and the internet can also help people know about foreign countries. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (2016.08.04 & 2014.10.18)

  • 出国了解国外文化
    • 亲身经历：gain first hand experience, local cuisine and specialty
    • 印象深刻：leave a deep impression, get acquainted with locals
    • 信息真实可靠：authentic and reliable information
  • 网络了解国外文化
    • 省时省钱，经济快捷：economical, convenient
    • 信息丰富：a massive/considerable amount of information
  • 总结段：It is up to individuals to decide which mode is preferable. For those who have enough time available for an international journey and ample money to cover all the expenses involved, travelling abroad is highly recommended, while TV and the Internet would be a good choice if travelling is financially unaffordable and time does not permit going abroad.

例：Too much money is spent in maintaining and repairing old buildings and we should knock them down and build modern ones instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2017.12.02 & 2019.07.18)

  • decrepit apartments and office buildings 要拆
    • 具有安全隐患：have safety concerns/risks
    • 楼层低，浪费土地资源：low-rise, waste land sources
    • 影响城市形象：disfigure/spoil cityscape and townscape
  • historical structures 不拆
    • 记录历史，具有文化意义：record history, have cultural implications
    • 宝贵的旅游资源：profitable/lucrative tourism resources

支持单边结构——双方对立

段落 内容
首段 背景介绍 + 改写题目 + 个人观点
主体段一 中心句：概括自己倾向的一方观点
论点 1 + 论据 1
论点 2 + 论据 2
(论点 3 + 论据 3)
主体段二 中心句：概括自己不倾向的一方观点
论点 1 + 论据 1
反驳论点 1 + 论据
结尾段 总结：重申个人观点

例：Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? (C9T1)

(开头段) Traditionally, children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school, but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools, with more positive outcomes than negative ones.（改写题目+个人观点）

(主体段1) The obvious argument in its favour is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates learning another language, and unlike adolescents, they are not inhabited by self-consciousness.（分析好处，提出分论点一）

(主体段2) In addition, the greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent, shorter sessions and for a play-centred approach, thus maintaining learners’ enthusiasm and progress. Their command of the language in later life will benefit from this early exposure, while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them. They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures.（分析好处，提出分论点二）

(主体段3) There are, however, some disadvantages. Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves. If primary language teaching is not standardized, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains. There is no advantage if enthusiastic primary pupils become demotivated as soon as they change schools. However, these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted. For example, specialists can be brought in to provide systematic language training for primary school teachers.（分析弊端，后面转折提出解决办法）

(结尾段) In conclusion, anything which encourages language learning benefits society culturally and economically, and early exposure to language learning contributes to this. Young children’s innate abilities should be harnessed to make these benefits more achievable.

例：In some countries, there has been an increase in the number of parents who educate their children themselves at home instead of sending them to school. Do the advantages of this outweigh disadvantages? (2016.02.16 & 2018.04.26)

  • advantages
    • 时间与课程灵活：flexible timetable and curriculum
    • 与父母关系密切：establish close contact/relationships with parents
    • 不易受外界环境的不良影响：be immune to adverse external impacts
  • disadvantages
    • 父母缺乏专业教学方法：lack pedagogical strategies
    • 缺乏沟通能力、合作能力和领导力：lack communication skills, team spirits and leadership
    • 难以交到同龄朋友：hard to get acquainted with peers

Some people think young people are not suitable for important positions in the government, while other people think it is a good idea for young people to take on these positions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (2017.10.21 & 2014.07.12)

  • 年轻人不适合
    • 经验不足，错过最佳时机：limited experience, miss the decisive moment
    • 容易冲动行事：tend to act on a sudden impluse
    • 缺少威信：lack authority
  • 年轻人适合
    • 体能好，更有精力：better physical condition, have more vigour
    • 思想开放，愿意接受新鲜事物：open-minded, be receptive to new things

中心句写作

主体段中心句要概括题中双方观点，回应写作要求。

双边讨论型句式

  • 主体段一
    • On the one hand, it is understandable why people might think that 观点一
    • It is evidently reasonable for some people to argue that 观点一
  • 主体段二
    • On the other hand, others hold a differing idea that 观点二
    • By contrast, some others may claim that 观点二

同不同意型句式

  • 主体段一
    • On the one hand, I agree/disagree that 观点一 for the following + 数字 + reasons.
  • 主体段二
    • Nevertheless, I also believe it is reasonable to hold the idea that 观点二

权衡利弊型句式

  • 主体段一
    • There is no doubt that sth has a bunch of benefits./sb can benefit a lot from ……
  • 主体段二
    • However, the negative effects should also be noted.

论证方式

  • 因果论证
  • 举例论证
  • 对比论证
  • 分类论证

因果论证

表示因果关系的一些词汇及短语：

  • 连词：as, since, for, so
  • 副词：as a result, consequently, therefore, hence
  • 介词：due to, owing to, because of
  • 动词：
    • 引起、导致（后面跟结果）：result in, lead to, give rise to, contribute to1, account for, be responsible for, bring about/on, pose
    • 由于、归因于（后面跟原因）： attribute to, ascribe to, due to, owing to, put down to, credit to, on account of
  • 名词：reason, factor, cause, result, consequence, effect

例：Many schools encourage students to evaluate and criticise their teachers in order to improve the quality of education, while others say this will lead to loss of respect for teachers. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (2015.05.16)

中心句：On the one hand, it is understandable why some educationalists advocate that students should be allowed to judge and even criticize their teachers.

论点 1 + 论据：First of all, this practice contributes to teachers’ teaching skills for the reason that teachers can make timely adjustments concerning their curriculum and teaching methods after realizing their drawbacks according to students’ feedback. With teachers equipped with greater proficiency, the quality of education will be largely improved, from which students can also benefit a lot.（帮助老师及时调整课程和教学方法，提升教学质量）

论点 2 + 论据：In addition, evaluating teachers enables students to develop critical thinking because they have to think in a critical way so as to point out their teachers’ errors or drawbacks. With critical thinking, they are more likely to look at a problem in more comprehensive ways and form an objective opinion, which is an invaluable ability for their future development.（有助于学生形成批判性思维）

例：Some people think that schools should stop teaching students by using books because students find them boring and that children can learn from films, TV, video games and computers instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2018.08.18)

中心句：On the one hand, I disagree that books should no longer be employed in class.

论点 1 + 论据：The most obvious reason is that reading facilitates the development of imagination because written materials allow students to visualize what they read in their mind. Provided that the class was delivered with TV dramas or movies, this ability would be undermined as the information will be directly presented on the screen and seen in the same way by all viewers.（有助于提高想象力）

论点 2 + 论据：Another significant point is that reading contents on textbooks is conducive to the enhancement of students’ language skills for the reason that readers need to pay attention to the grammar, logic and context when comprehending a passage. With better language proficiency, students tend to be more adept2 at expressing themselves and communicating with others, which is of great value to their future study and work.（有助于增强语言能力）

例：Nowadays a large amount of advertising aimed at children should be banned because of its negative effects. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2018.08.11 & 2016.02.20) 是否应该禁止针对儿童的广告

中心句：I agree that advertisements should be prohibited because they pose enormous harm to young children.

论点 1 + 论据：Firstly, featured by toys and snacks whose temptation children show little resistance to, these advertising aims at and succeeds in encouraging children’s consumption behaviors. As a result, these children tend to buy some unnecessary products irrationally, developing a bad habit of wasting.

论点 2 + 论据：At the same time, children advertising is partly responsible for children being kept away from reality. Catering to3 the psychological needs of children, many advertisements describe the world in highly imaginative and unrealistic manners. Consequently, children who has been made to believe these advertisements will experience great difficulty in coping with problems in real life.

举例论证

表示“例如”的常见表达：

  • For example/instance
  • Take sth for example
  • A case in point is ……
  • A typical example can be found in ……
  • This is true given the example of ……

例：Many customs and traditional ways of behaviour are no longer relevant to modern world, so they are not worth keeping any more. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2016.09.10)

中心句：I believe traditional culture should be preserved, for it plays a pivotal role in our understanding of history.

论点 + 论据：As we know, traditional customs and rituals are reflections of historical realities. Take boat-racing in China for example. It has been an event in memory of Qu Yuan, a legendary poet in ancient China, who drowned himself after watching helplessly the demise of his country. Chinese people are still celebrating this event annually today, when boat-racing has nothing to do their daily lives, for the reason that it reminds them of the poet’s patriotism.

对比论证

  • 与反面事物对比（横向）
  • 古今对比（纵向）
  • 假设对比

与反面事物对比

一般性的步骤为：

  1. 找反面事物
  2. 定对比内容
  3. 转反面表述
  4. 加衔接词

“相反”、“与……不同”的常见表达：

  • by/in contrast
  • conversly
  • in comparison with
  • compared with
  • different from
  • unlike

例：In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. (C5T2)

论点：Those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on.

论据：By contrast, a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world.

论点：Children can enjoy a more colorful life in cities since there are various cultural activities organized and more advanced facilities available for children to enjoy in cities, such as exhibitions, galleries, museums and theaters.

论据：Compared with children in cities, those in the countryside, who live a simple and monotonous(单调的) life and tend to be more unenlightened(未受启迪的) for lack of adequate information, are less experienced and knowledgeable.

例：In some countries, there has been an increase in the number of parents who educate their children themselves at home instead of sending them to school. Do you think the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? (2016.02.13)

论点：With only one child to teach, parents are able to know completely about the problems the child has.

论据：On the contrary, teachers in school have dozens of students to take care of and cannot spend that much time on the same child.

古今对比

例：Some people believe that the country would benefit a lot from more young people entering university; However, others think that the large number of people receiving college education only leads to graduate unemployment. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (2016.06.16)

论点：As more and more young graduates pour into the job market, to get a job has become increasingly difficult due to the fierce competition.

论据：A promising job was rather easy to obtain with a bachelor’s degree 20 years ago, but now the same position is open only to those with a master’s or even a doctor’s degree.

假设对比

找基本事实，假设现实情况继续进行下去或者假设与现实相反的情况，预测将来。

  • If ……, ……
  • Supposing that ……
  • Provided that ……
  • Lack of sth
  • Without sth

例：Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world. Do you think this is a positive or negative development? (C10T3P78&166)

论点：A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts.

论据：If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character.（假设现实情况继续进行下去）

例：Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effects on public health and that other measures are required. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. (C9T3P77)

论点：Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time.

论据：If there were easy-to-reach local sports centers, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening.（假设与现实相反的情况）

练习：用假设对比的方式拓展下面的论点

论点：A good understanding of the computer technology will give a student an edge in the modern society where the Internet is a master key to almost all the knowledge and information available.

论据：If one has little knowledge of computer skills, he or she will probably experience great difficulty in finding the latest information, in danger of lagging behind the times and being excluded from what is going on in the world.

分类论证

细化话题

例：是否应该用动物做实验

论点：Whether animal experiments should be carried out depends on the type of the experiments.

论据：Personally, I disagree with the experiments for cosmetic purposes. I cannot think of a single item of cosmetics which would justify pain or death to an animal. However, there are some medical experiments which need to be done on animals prior to humans. In such cases, I am convinced that the life of a human is more valuable than the life of a lab rat.

例：是否应该用惩罚的方式教育孩子

论点：Whether punishment should be involved to teach children to distinguish between right and wrong depends on the type of the punishment.

论据：Punishment of a physical nature should not be resorted to, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones—an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention(留校), withdrawal of privileges, and time-out(隔离处分). Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion.

细化人群

例：同不同意型 用惩罚的方式教育孩子

论点：To some extent the question depends on the age of the child.

论据: To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what’s happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behaviour and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.

观点总结

改善交通

  • 交通处罚
    • 罚款 fine
    • 吊销执照 license suspension
    • 监禁 prison sentence
  • 驾前教育 education before driving
  • 更加关注道路安全设计，比如 traffic signs, speed bumps(减速带), road bends(弯道)
  • 政府投资建设更好的公共交通，从而减少私家车数量 invest in better public transport

快乐

  • 快乐为什么难被定义？
    因为快乐对于每一个个体而言都意味着不同的东西
    • 每个人都无法完全理解或经历他人的感受，爱好不同，快乐的获取方式也不同
    • 单个人也可以从不同的方式中获得快乐
  • 获取快乐的重要因素有哪些？
    • 生活在安全的环境中，衣食无忧
    • 不被孤立，能够与他人分享经历经验
    • 自由
    • 有目标(have a sense of purpose)

教育

  • 教育的好处
    • 教育给人知识和技能 (education gives people knowledge and skills)
    • 有学历的人更容易找到工作 (people with qualification are more likely to find work)
    • 有学历的人可以挣更高的工资 (earn a higher salary)
    • 受教育的人能够为社会作贡献 (contribute to the society)
    • 学校可以教年轻人更多的道德价值观 (teach young people more moral values such as tolerance and sharing)
  • 留学的优点
    • 国外的大学机构可能提供更好的课程 (foreign institutions may offer better courses)
    • 从国外获得的学历有助于找到更好的工作 (qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities)
    • 拓展视野 (broaden students’ horizons)
    • 更加独立 (more independent)
    • 学会外语 (learn a foreign language)
  • 留学的缺点
    • 语言障碍 (language barrier)
    • 需要找住宿，花钱 (have to find accomodation and pay bills)
    • 导致思乡 (cause homesickness)
  • 教育科技的优点
    • 让课堂更加有趣
    • 学生可以随时随地学习 (study whenever and wherever)
    • 利用网上资源 (use resources from the internet)
  • 教育科技的缺点
    • 会导致不熟悉一些基本技能（如长期打字会影响手写技能）
    • 科技不能取代老师（科技无法提供结构化的课程，无法根据实际情况选择适当的教学材料，无法传授价值观，无法给人精神层面的激励）
    • 人们可能会过度依赖电脑，电脑维护成本昂贵
  • 发展中国家的教育问题
    • 儿童经常很小就开始工作
    • 很多地区没有学校
    • 很多家庭没办法获取书籍电脑等资源
    • 识字率很低 (literacy rates are often low)
  • 发展中国家教育问题的解决方案
    • 发达国家提供经济支持
    • 国家投资学校和科技产业
      • 建造学校
      • 给老师发工资
      • 购买教学设备（如电脑、投影仪）
    • 政府应该立法建立义务教育，鼓励家长将孩子送到学校
    • 儿童需要接受免费教育 (have access to free schooling)

优秀文章

C9T2

题目：Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighbourhood or teaching sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?

It has been suggested that high school students should be involved in unpaid community services as a compulsory part of high school programmes. Most of the colleges are already providing opportunities to gain work experience, however these are not compulsory. In my opinion, sending students to work in community services is a good idea as it can provide them with many lots of valuable skills.

Life skills are very important and by doing voluntary work, students can learn how to communicate with others and work in a team but also how to manage their time and improve their organisational skills. Nowadays, unfortunately, teenagers do not have many after-school activities. After-school clubs are no longer that popular and students mostly go home and sit in front of the TV, browse internet or play video games.

By giving them compulsory work activities with charitable or community organisations, they will be encouraged to do something more creative. Skills gained through compulsory work will not only be an asset on their CV but also increase their employability. Students will also gain more respect towards work and money as they will realise that it is not that easy to earn them and hopefully will learn to spend them in a more practical way.

Healthy life balance and exercise are strongly promoted by the NHS, and therefore any kind of spare time charity work will prevent from sitting and doing nothing. It could also possibly reduce the crime level in the high school age group. If students have activities to do, they will not be bored and come up with silly ideas which can be dangerous for them or their surroundings.

In conclusion, I think this is a very good idea, and I hope this programme will be put into action for high schools/colleges shortly.

Simon 1

题目：Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in improving road safety. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

People have differing views with regard to the question of how to make our roads safer. In my view, both punishments and a range of other measures can be used together to promote better driving habits.

On the one hand, strict punishments can certainly help to encourage people to drive more safely. Penalties for dangerous drivers can act as a deterrent, meaning that people avoid repeating the same offence. There are various types of driving penalty, such as small fines, licence suspension, driver awareness courses, and even prison sentences. The aim of these punishments is to show dangerous drivers that their actions have negative consequences. As a result, we would hope that drivers become more disciplined and alert, and that they follow the rules more carefully.

On the other hand, I believe that safe driving can be promoted in several different ways that do not punish drivers. Firstly, it is vitally important to educate people properly before they start to drive, and this could be done in schools or even as part of an extended or more difficult driving test. Secondly, more attention could be paid to safe road design. For example, signs can be used to warn people, speed bumps and road bends can be added to calm traffic, and speed cameras can help to deter people from driving too quickly. Finally, governments or local councils could reduce road accidents by investing in better public transport, which would mean that fewer people would need to travel by car.

In conclusion, while punishments can help to prevent bad driving, I believe that other road safety measures should also be introduced.

Simon 2

题目：Wild animals have no place in the 21st century, so protecting them is a waste of resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people argue that it is pointless to spend money on the protection of wild animals because we humans have no need for them. I completely disagree with this point of view.

In my opinion, it is absurd to argue that wild animals have no place in the 21st century. I do not believe that planet Earth exists only for the benefit of humans, and there is nothing special about this particular century that means that we suddenly have the right to allow or encourage the extinction of any species. Furthermore, there is no compelling reason why we should let animals die out. We do not need to exploit or destroy every last square metre of land in order to feed or accommodate the world’s population. There is plenty of room for us to exist side by side with wild animals, and this should be our aim.

I also disagree with the idea that protecting animals is a waste of resources. It is usually the protection of natural habitats that ensures the survival of wild animals, and most scientists agree that these habitats are also crucial for human survival. For example, rainforests produce oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide and stabilise the Earth’s climate. If we destroyed these areas, the costs of managing the resulting changes to our planet would far outweigh the costs of conservation. By protecting wild animals and their habitats, we maintain the natural balance of all life on Earth.

In conclusion, we have no right to decide whether or not wild animals should exist, and I believe that we should do everything we can to protect them.

Simon 3

题目：Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness?

It is no doubt true that the majority of people would like to be happy in their lives. While the personal nature of happiness makes it difficult to describe, there do seem to be some common needs that we all share with regard to experiencing or achieving happiness.

Happiness is difficult to define because it means something different to each individual person. Nobody can fully understand or experience another person’s feelings, and we all have our own particular passions from which we take pleasure. Some people, for example, derive a sense of satisfaction from earning money or achieving success, whereas for others, health and family are much more important. At the same time, a range of other feelings, from excitement to peacefulness, may be associated with the idea of happiness, and the same person may therefore feel happy in a variety of different ways.

Although it seems almost impossible to give a precise definition of happiness, most people would agree that there are some basic preconditions to achieving it. Firstly, it is hard for a person to be happy if he or she does not have a safe place to live and enough food to eat. Our basic survival needs must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life. Secondly, the greatest joy in life is usually found in shared experiences with family and friends, and it is rare to find a person who is content to live in complete isolation. Other key factors could be individual freedom and a sense of purpose in life.

In conclusion, happiness is difficult to define because it is particular to each individual, but I believe that our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled before we can experience it.

Simon 5

题目：Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after school. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

When they finish school, teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education. While there are some benefits to getting a job straight after school, I would argue that it is better to go to college or university.

The option to start work straight after school is attractive for several reasons. Many young people want to start earning money as soon as possible. In this way, they can become independent, and they will be able to afford their own house or start a family. In terms of their career, young people who decide to find work, rather than continue their studies, may progress more quickly. They will have the chance to gain real experience and learn practical skills related to their chosen profession. This may lead to promotions and a successful career.

On the other hand, I believe that it is more beneficial for students to continue their studies. Firstly, academic qualifications are required in many professions. For example, it is impossible to become a doctor, teacher or lawyer without having the relevant degree. As a result, university graduates have access to more and better job opportunities, and they tend to earn higher salaries than those with fewer qualifications. Secondly, the job market is becoming increasingly competitive, and sometimes there are hundreds of applicants for one position in a company. Young people who do not have qualifications from a university or college will not be able to compete.

For the reasons mentioned above, it seems to me that students are more likely to be successful in their careers if they continue their studies beyond school level.

Simon 6

题目：Some people think that museums should be enjoyable places to entertain people, while others believe that the purpose of museums is to educate. Discuss both views and give you own opinion.

People have different views about the role and function of museums. In my opinion, museums can and should be both entertaining and educational.

On the one hand, it can be argued that the main role of a museum is to entertain. Museums are tourist attractions, and their aim is to exhibit a collection of interesting objects that many people will want to see. The average visitor may become bored if he or she has to read or listen to too much educational content, so museums often put more of an emphasis on enjoyment rather than learning. This type of museum is designed to be visually spectacular, and may have interactive activities or even games as part of its exhibitions.

On the other hand, some people argue that museums should focus on education. The aim of any exhibition should be to teach visitors something that they did not previously know. Usually this means that the history behind the museum’s exhibits needs to be explained, and this can be done in various ways. Some museums employ professional guides to talk to their visitors, while other museums offer headsets so that visitors can listen to detailed commentary about the exhibition. In this way, museums can play an important role in teaching people about history, culture, science and many other aspects of life.

In conclusion, it seems to me that a good museum should be able to offer an interesting, enjoyable and educational experience so that people can have fun and learn something at the same time.

Simon 7

题目：Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

In my opinion, men and women should have the same educational opportunities. However, I do not agree with the idea of accepting equal proportions of each gender in every university subject.

Having the same number of men and women on all degree courses is simply unrealistic. Student numbers on any course depend on the applications that the institution receives. If a university decided to fill courses with equal numbers of males and females, it would need enough applicants of each gender. In reality, many courses are more popular with one gender than the other, and it would not be practical to aim for equal proportions. For example, nursing courses tend to attract more female applicants, and it would be difficult to fill these courses if fifty per cent of the places needed to go to males.

Apart from the practical concerns expressed above, I also believe that it would be unfair to base admission to university courses on gender. Universities should continue to select the best candidates for each course according to their qualifications. In this way, both men and women have the same opportunities, and applicants know that they will be successful if they work hard to achieve good grades at school. If a female student is the best candidate for a place on a course, it is surely wrong to reject her in favour of a male student with lower grades or fewer qualifications.

In conclusion, the selection of university students should be based on merit, and it would be both impractical and unfair to change to a selection procedure based on gender.

Simon 10

题目：Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships that people make? Has this been a positive or negative development?

It is true that new technologies have had an influence on communication between people. Technology has affected relationships in various ways, and in my opinion there are both positive and negative effects.

Technology has had an impact on relationships in business, education and social life. Firstly, telephones and the Internet allow business people in different countries to interact without ever meeting each other. Secondly, services like Skype create new possibilities for relationships between students and teachers. For example, a student can now take video lessons with a teacher in a different city or country. Finally, many people use social networks, like Facebook, to make new friends and find people who share common interests, and they interact through their computers rather than face to face.

On the one hand, these developments can be extremely positive. Cooperation between people in different countries was much more difficult when communication was limited to written letters or telegrams. Nowadays, interactions by email, phone or video are almost as good as face-to-face meetings, and many of us benefit from these interactions, either in work or social contexts. On the other hand, the availability of new communication technologies can also have the result of isolating people and discouraging real interaction. For example, many young people choose to make friends online rather than mixing with their peers in the real world, and these ‘virtual’ relationships are a poor substitute for real friendships.

In conclusion, technology has certainly revolutionised communication between people, but not all of the outcomes of this revolution have been positive.

注释

  1. 贡献、促进、有助于、导致 ↩

  2. adept 意指“内行的、熟练的、精通的”，近义词或短语有：proficient, excel at, be good at, do well in ↩

  3. cater to 迎合……（的需求）（有故意讨好之意）；cater for 意为为……提供服务（单指服务、需要，没有故意讨好之意）。 ↩