教育类

  • 初中 junior high school
  • 高中 senior high school
  • 高等教育 tertiary education
  • 必修课 a required/compulsory/mandatory course
  • 选修课 an optional course
  • 核心课程 core subjects
  • 增强技能 improve/sharpen their …… skills (e.g. use a variety of methods to sharpen leadership skills)
  • 交际能力 communication skills
  • 解决问题的能力 problem-solving skills
  • 独立思考的能力 independent thinking skills
  • curriculum 是各个科目的统称 (e.g. History should be added to the school curriculum) 一个科目是 a subject
  • 课余活动 extra-curricular/after-school activities
  • 发展多种多样的技能 develop a wide range/variety of skills
  • 激发想象力/创造力 stimulate/encourage imagination and creativity
  • (反义：limit/stifle their creativity)
  • 实现潜能 achieve/realize their potential
  • (学校)提供全面的、多样的教育 provide a well-rounded education
  • 培养全面发展的人才 produce well-rounded individuals
  • 做义工 do voluntary work
  • 培养强烈的社会责任感 develop a strong sense of social responsibility
  • 学术表现出色（成绩）have good academic performance; get/achieve good grades
  • 扩宽知识面 expand their knowledge
  • 理解并欣赏艺术 understand and appreciate art
  • 帮助学生适应职场需求 prepare students for employment/the job market/the future workforce
  • 面对求职的激烈竞争 face tough/stiff/fierce competition for jobs
  • 事业发展方向 career path
  • 选择他们真正感兴趣的事业发展方向 choose career paths that really interest them
  • 拥有更好的职业前景 have better job prospects
  • 拥有竞争优势 have a competitive edge
  • 求职者 job applicants
  • 满足学生的需求 meet students’ needs
  • 更加重视 place more importance on
  • 学术科目 academic subjects (理论知识 theoretical knowledge/为发展实践技能提供基础 provide a foundation for developing practical skills)
  • 实践技能 practical skills (获得实践经验 gain hand-on experience/应用和检验所学的知识 apply and test their knowledge)
  • 形成良好学习习惯 develop/form good learning habits (例如：regular attendance/effective note-taking/timely completion of homework )
  • 实现目标 achieve their goals
  • 增强他们学习动力 increase their motivation to learn
  • 减少干扰 reduce distractions
  • 时间管理技能/充分利用时间 time-management skills/make the best use of their time
  • 管理预算 learn to manage their budget (money-management skills)
  • 死记硬背 learn by rote; memorize facts and figures
  • 参加小组讨论 take part in/participate in group discussions (interact with their classmates/share ideas and opinions with their classmates)
  • 鼓励合作与分享 encourage cooperation and sharing
  • 向着共同目标努力 work towards their common goals
  • 帮助树立信心 help them build self-confidence
  • 打击信心 damage their self-confidence
  • 鼓励学生去探索 encourage students to explore
  • 参加体育运动 take part in sports
  • 提高他们的力量、速度和耐力 increase their strength, speed and endurance
  • 帮助他们对……形成积极的心态 help them develop a positive attitude towards
  • 锻炼 exercise (exercise regularly; take regular exercise)
  • 健康生活 lead a healthy lifestyle
  • 均衡饮食 eat a balanced diet
  • 学费 tuition fees
  • 生活费 living costs
  • 低收入家庭 low-income families
  • 面都财务困难 face financial difficulties
  • （根据学生是否贫困）发放的资助 need-based financial aid
  • （根据学生是否优秀）发放的资助 merit-based financial aid
  • 为……提供资助 give financial support to
  • 确保所有学生都能获得平等的权利 ensure equal opportunities for all students
  • 受到不公正待遇 are treated unfairly
  • 在学习中承受了巨大压力 be under great pressure with their studies
  • 校服 school uniforms
  • 良好的家庭教育 good parenting
  • 增进亲情 strengthen family bonds 削弱亲情 weaken family bonds
  • 实现工作和家庭的平衡 achieve a good work-family balance
  • 为孩子树立好榜样 provide good role models for their children
  • 教给孩子良好的举止 teach their children good manners
  • 放纵孩子的家长 permissive parents
  • 溺爱孩子 spoil their children
  • (家长)为孩子提供情感支持 provide them with emotional support
  • (孩子)向家长寻求建议 seek advice from their parents
  • 形成良好的道德观念 develop good moral values
  • 处于性格形成阶段 be in their formative years

交通类

  • 红绿灯 traffic lights
  • 人行横道、斑马线 zebra crossing
  • 人行道 sidewalk, pavement, footpath
  • 行车道 carriageway
  • 吊销驾照 license suspension
  • 汽油为动力的汽车 petrol-powered cars
  • 增加温室气体排放 increase greenhouse gas emissions/increase carbon emissions
  • 车辆排出的尾气 car fumes/traffic fumes/exhaust fumes from vehicles
  • 电动汽车 electric cars
  • 更节能 be more energy-efficient
  • 政府应该为购买电动车的车主提供补贴 Governments should offer subsidies to electric car buyers.
  • 减少人们对汽车的依赖 reduce people’s dependence on cars
  • 乘坐公共交通 take public transport
  • 步行或者骑自行车上下班 walk or cycle to and from work
  • 提高交通税 raise the vehicle tax
  • 交通事故 road accidents/car accidents
  • 交通噪音等级 traffic noise levels
  • 减轻交通拥堵 ease traffic congestion
  • 通勤时间 commuting time
  • 提供实时路况信息 provide real-time traffic information
  • 违反交规 break traffic rules
  • 危险驾驶 dangerous driving
  • 不考虑后果的司机 reckless drivers
  • 交很高的罚金 pay heavy fines
  • 安装超速监控摄像头 install speed cameras
  • 提高交通安全意识 raise public awareness of road safety
  • 航空公司 airline companies
  • 使乘坐飞机出行更加容易承担（便宜）make air travel more affordable
  • 铁路或者公路不能到达的地方 areas inaccessible by rail or road

环境类

  • 自然资源 natural resources
  • 节约自然资源 conserve natural resources
  • 节约能源/节约用电 conserve energy/conserve electricity

    E.g. The amount of available fresh water is limited, so it is important to conserve water.
    E.g. use natural light whenever possible (自然光)

  • 人口的快速增长 rapid population growth
  • 崇尚消费的文化 consumer culture
  • 工业生产 industrial production
  • 原材料 raw materials
  • 化石燃料 fossil fuels (coal/natural gas/oil/petrol)
  • 一种令人警觉的趋势 an alarming trend
  • 破坏环境 damage the environment/cause damage to the environment
  • 通过严格的立法保护环境 introduce strict laws to protect the environment
  • 工业烟尘 industrial fumes
  • 工厂的温室气体排放 greenhouse gas emissions from factories
  • 全球变暖 global warming
  • 加剧气候变化 contribute to/exacerbate climate change
  • 导致极地冰盖融化 cause the polar ice caps to melt
  • 提升海平面 raise sea levels
  • 破坏大气臭氧层 damage the ozone layer
  • 让更多紫外线到达地球 allow more ultraviolet light/rays to reach Earth
  • 增加患皮肤癌的风险 increase the risk of skin cancer
  • 减少碳足迹 reduce our carbon footprint （即减少由于个人开车、使用电器、采暖导致的温室气体）
  • 治理工业污染 control industrial pollution
  • 污染空气 pollute the air
  • 导致酸雨 lead to acid rain
  • 导致患哮喘、支气管炎和肺癌的风险上升 increase the risk of asthma, bronchitis and lung cancer
  • 破坏建筑 cause damage to buildings
  • 污染河流和湖泊 pollute rivers and lakes
  • 将废料排入河流 discharge waste into rivers (e.g. The factory was fined for discharging waste into the river.)
  • 石油泄漏 oil spills
  • 威胁海洋生物 threaten marine life/pose a threat to marine life
  • 砍伐森林 log forests
  • 砍伐大量树木 cut down large numbers of trees
  • 毁坏自然栖息地 destroy natural habitats
  • 扰乱生态系统 disrupt the ecosystem
  • 导致自然灾害 cause natural disasters
  • 沙尘暴 dust storm
  • 洪水和干旱 floods and droughts
  • 极端天气状况 extreme weather conditions
  • 可再生能源 renewable energy sources (energy from solar/wind/hydro power)
  • 促进可再生能源的使用 promote the use of renewable energy
  • 可替代能源 alternative energy sources
  • 实现可持续发展 achieve sustainable development
  • (太阳能/风能)严重依赖于天气状况 depend heavily on weather conditions
  • 建造核电站 build nuclear power station
  • 发电 generate electricity
  • 有放射性的核废料 radioactive nuclear waste
  • 导致健康和安全方面的担忧 cause health and safety concerns
  • 核事故 nuclear accident
  • 核武器 nuclear weapon (may be obtained by terrorists 落入恐怖分子手中)
  • 水资源短缺 water shortages
  • 灌溉需求 irrigation needs
  • 洗衣服 do laundry
  • 海水淡化技术 desalination technology
  • 生活垃圾 household waste
  • 在公共场所乱丢废弃物 drop litter in public places
  • 循环利用废弃物 recycle waste
  • 使用后就丢弃的社会风气 a throw-away culture
  • 避免一次性物品 avoid disposable items
  • 反复使用购物袋 reuse shopping bags
  • 织物制成的购物袋 fabric shopping bags (more eco-friendly)
  • 双面打印 use double-sided printing
  • 塑料包装 plastic packaging
  • 可生物降解的材料 biodegradable materials
  • 不可生物降解的材料 non-biodegradable materials
  • 选择包装少的产品 choose products with less packaging
  • 不会轻易分解 do not break down easily
  • 提高环保意识 raise environmental awareness
  • 学校的环境教育项目 environmental education programs in schools
  • 媒体报导的环境问题 media coverage of environmental issues
  • 保护濒危物种 protect endangered species
  • 濒临灭绝 face extinction, on the verge of extinction, endangered
  • 灭绝 become extinct
  • 对象牙的非法交易 the illegal ivory trade
  • be hunted for meat/fur/horns
  • 皮草 fur coats
  • 捕鲸和杀海豹 whaling and sealing
  • 非法野生生物制品 illegal wildlife products
  • 打击盗猎 combat poaching
  • 减少生物多样性 reduce biodiversity
  • 破坏生态系统 damage the ecosystem
  • 扰乱食物链 disrupt food chain
  • 保护自然栖息地 protect natural habitats
  • 威胁海洋生物 threaten marine life
  • 建立更多自然保护区 establish more nature reserves (interesting and educational)
  • 人造栖息地（比如动物园） man-made/artificial habitat
  • 关在笼子里面 are kept in cages 可能出现的问题有：lose their freedom, feel lonely and frustrated, change their habits
  • 动物实验 animal testing/experiments
  • 实验室使用的动物 laboratory animals
  • 动物保护团体 animal rights groups
  • 减少它们的痛苦 minimize their suffering
  • (宠物可以成为)好伙伴 good companions
  • are good for people’s emotional health
  • help people relieve stress
  • ease loneliness
  • 守卫犬 guard dogs
  • 有责任心的主人responsible pet owners
  • 流浪动物 stray animals
  • 传播疾病 spread diseases
  • 动物的排泄物 pet waste/excreta/excretion/excrement

工作、事业

  • 工作满意度 job satisfaction
  • 工资高的工作 a well-paid job
  • （职业）符合他们的技能和兴趣 match their skills and interests
  • 实现职业目标 achieve their career goals
  • 感到受尊重和重视 feel respected and valued
  • 人际交往能力 interpersonal skills
  • （员工）拥有平等的升职机会 have equal opportunities for promotion
  • 有成效的团队合作 effective/productive teamwork
  • 鼓励创新 encourage innovation
  • 压制创新 stifle innovation
  • 从事重复性劳动 perform repetitive tasks
  • 应该得到回报 should be well rewarded
  • 一个有回报的工作 a rewarding job
  • (经济上的回报 financial rewards/心理上的回报 emotional rewards)
  • 保持他们的动力 keep them motivated
  • 提高士气 improve their morale
  • 打击士气 damage employee morale
  • 清晰的事业发展方向 clear/well-defined career paths
  • 选择自己感兴趣的事业发展方向 choose career paths that really interest them
  • 员工福利 employee benefits
  • 提高员工忠诚度 increase employees’ loyalty to the company
  • 工作稳定性 job security (high levels of job security)
  • 一份稳定工作 a steady job
  • 一个稳定收入来源 a steady source of income
  • 临时工 temporary employees
  • 有多种多样的经验 have a wide range of experience
  • 发展多种多样的技能 develop a wide range of skills
  • 有更多时间用于个人兴趣 have more time for their personal interests
  • 被付低工资 are paid lower wages
  • 升职机会更少 have few opportunities for promotion
  • 员工福利 employee benefits
  • 医疗保险 health insurance
  • 带薪休假 paid holiday
  • 不扣工资的病假 sick leave
  • 从事体力工作的工人 manual workers
  • 脑力工作 office jobs/desk jobs
  • 压力很大的工作状况 stressful working conditions
  • 频繁加班 frequently work overtime
  • 几乎没时间参加休闲活动 have little time for leisure activities
  • 更好的取得工作和生活之间的平衡 achieve a better work-life balance
  • 有更加灵活的工作时间 have more flexible working hours/flexible work schedules
  • 收入过高 be overpaid
  • 应该有更高收入 should be better paid
  • 生活水平 living standards/ the standard of living
  • 变得过于物质 become too materialistic
  • 对于自己拥有的不满足 be dissatisfied with what they have
  • 提高就业竞争力 increase the employability

媒体广告类

  • 看电视（名词短语）television viewing (e.g. They encourage students to reduce their television viewing.)
  • 流行的休闲活动 a popular leisure activity
  • 增加家庭凝聚力的活动 a good family bonding activity
  • 增长见识且有教育意义的 be informative and educational
  • 提供有趣的话题 provide good topics of conversation
  • 被动的娱乐 passive entertainment (do not require much thought)
  • 主动的娱乐 active entertainment (e.g. solve puzzles–are mentally stimulating; think actively and independently)
  • 上网 surf the Internet
  • 浏览网页 browse websites
  • 很方便的获取（信息/资源） have easy access to
  • （人）接触到（信息）be exposed to (e.g. Teenagers are frequently exposed to media violence.)
  • （青少年）不能区分现实和幻想 cannot easily tell the difference between reality and fantasy
  • （政府应该）监管暴力内容 regulate media violence
  • 电影分级制度 the film rating system
  • 广告 advertisements (可数) advertising (不可数)
  • 商业广告 commercials
  • 公益广告 non-profit advertising
  • 虚假广告 false/deceptive advertising
  • 弹出式广告 pop-up advertising
  • 网页上弹出的广告 pop-up advertising windows
  • 针对小孩的广告 advertising aimed at children
  • 广告宣传费用 advertising costs
  • 广告产业 the advertising industry
  • 广告收入 advertising revenue
  • 广告代言人 advertising endorser
  • 受营利目的驱使 be driven by profit
  • 提供误导信息 provide misleading information
  • 减少消费者的忠诚度 reduce customer loyalty
  • 建立消费者的忠诚度 build customer loyalty
  • 让产品对消费者更有吸引力 make products more attractive to consumers
  • 帮助消费者更好地了解产品 help consumers better understand the advertised product
  • 是重要的营销工具 is an important marketing tool
  • 帮助消费者根据可靠信息做出选择 help consumers to make informed choices
  • 提升广告产品销量 boost the sales of advertised products
  • 崇尚消费的社会 consumer society
  • 对于新产品的需求 the demand for new products
  • 价格更加合理的消费品 more affordable consumer goods
  • 冲动购物 buy things on impulse/buy things impulsively
  • 不负责的“刷卡” use credit cards irresponsibly
  • 发现自己深陷债务 find themselves deeply in debt
  • 形成不良消费习惯 develop unhealthy spending habits
  • 把财富等同快乐 equate wealth with happiness
  • 豪车 luxury cars
  • （广告）让看节目的人扫兴 spoil people’s enjoyment of the show
  • 有创意和娱乐性 are creative and entertaining
  • 是一种重要的娱乐来源 is an important source of entertainment
  • 是生活中不可或缺的一部分 is an indispensable part of our lives
  • 大规模广告宣传 advertising campaigns
  • 很容易受到广告影响 are easily influenced/swayed by advertising
  • (政府)监管针对小孩的广告 regulate advertising aimed at children
  • 名人 celebrities
  • 努力劝说人们购买某个产品 try to persuade people to buy a product
  • 追求最新的潮流 follow the latest trends
  • 影响消费者做购物决定的过程 influence consumers’ decision-making process
  • 可支配收入 disposable incomes
  • 有不同的品味和偏好 have different tastes and preferences
  • 时事 current events
  • 帮助人们了解重要事件 inform people about important events
  • 新闻报道 news coverage/reports/stories
  • 电子媒体 electronic media
  • 提供及时的新闻资讯 provide up-to-the-minute news and information
  • 帮助人们对……更加了解 help people gain a better understanding of ……
  • 帮助人们做出基于可靠信息的决定 help people make well-informed decisions
  • 影响人们的看法和态度 influence people’s opinions and attitudes
  • 媒体对于事件夸大渲染 media sensationalism
  • 夸大新闻 sensationalize (v.) news stories
  • 吸引更多观众、听众、读者 attract more viewers, listeners or readers
  • 误导公众 mislead the public

犯罪类

  • 犯罪率 crime rates
  • 违法 break the law
  • 罪犯 criminal(s), offender
  • 受害者 victim(s)
  • 犯罪 commit crimes, commit a crime
  • 再次犯罪 reoffend (v.)
  • 持枪的罪犯 armed criminals
  • 用枪自我防卫 use guns in self-defense
  • 预防犯罪 prevent crime, crime prevention
  • 警官 police officers
  • 威慑犯罪/罪犯 deter crime/criminals
  • 抓捕罪犯 catch/arrest criminals
  • 从根本解决犯罪问题 address the root causes of crime
  • 减少社会不公 reduce social inequality
  • 惩罚罪犯 punish criminals
  • 严重罪行 serious offenses （美式拼写）（英式拼写： offences）
  • 送进监狱 are sent to prison
  • 在监狱服刑 serve prison sentences
  • 失去自由 lose their freedom
  • 不能再对别人构成威胁 cannot pose a threat to others
  • 反思自己的行为 make them reflect on their actions
  • 导致监狱人满为患 lead to prison overcrowding
  • 导致怨恨 lead to resentment
  • （有人）可能被误判 may be wrongly convicted
  • 被释放 be released from prison
  • 被释放的囚犯 released prisoners/former prisoners/ex-prisoners
  • 有犯罪记录的人 people with a criminal record
  • 受到不公正待遇 be treated unfairly
  • 没有稳定收入 do not have a steady source of income
  • 改造犯人 reform criminals (reform them into contributing members of society)
  • 职业培训 vocational training
  • 增强就业适应性 increase their employability
  • 重回社会 re-enter society/re-integrate into society
  • 减少再次犯罪的可能 reduce re-offending
  • 守法公民 law-abiding citizens
  • 守法 obey laws, abide by laws
  • 惩罚力度不够 is not a sufficient punishment
  • 轻罪 minor crimes (vandalism 破坏公共财物；shoplifting 顺手牵羊；driving without a license 无证驾驶)
  • 交罚款 pay fines
  • 社区服务 (do/perform) community service (e.g. There are plans for more offenders to do community service instead of short prison sentences.)
  • 媒体对犯罪的报道 media reports on crime
  • 过度渲染犯罪 sensationalize crime
  • 增加人们对犯罪的恐惧 increase people’s fear of crime
  • 心理伤害 emotional suffering
  • 增强安全防范措施 increase security measures (in areas with high crime rates)
  • 增派警察巡逻 increase police patrol
  • 安装摄像头 install security cameras in public places
  • 增进社区安全 improve community safety
  • 侵犯隐私 invade people’s privacy
  • 限制自由 restrict people’s freedom
  • 可替代枪支的方法 alternatives to guns (pepper spray 胡椒喷雾)
  • （用枪）可能伤及无辜 may shoot innocent people

科技类

  • 科技的创新 technological innovations
  • 科技的突破 technological breakthroughs
  • 采用新的科技 adopt new technologies
  • 应对新挑战 meet new challenges
  • 满足消费者需求 meet consumers’ needs
  • 工业自动化 industrial automation
  • 办公自动化 office automation
  • 从事重复性劳动 perform repetitive tasks
  • 提高效率 improve/boost efficiency
  • 提高生产率 boost productivity
  • 减少成本 reduce costs
  • 被广泛使用 be widely used
  • 工业装配线（流水线）assembly lines
  • 被大批量生产的产品 mass-produced goods
  • 信息时代 the information age
  • 电子设备 electronic devices (可数) electronic equipment (不可数)
  • 使用化肥 use chemical fertilizers
  • 提高农作物产量 increase crop yield
  • 提高农业生产率 improve farming productivity
  • 增加食品供给 increase food supplies
  • 避免食品短缺 prevent food shortages
  • 有助于保持食品价格稳定 help to keep food prices stable
  • 对消费者健康构成威胁 pose health risks to consumers
  • 有机食品 organic food (is safer and more nutritious)
  • 利用网上资源 use online resources
  • 搜索引擎 search engine (e.g. Google/find information efficiently and effectively)
  • 促进思想和信息的自由交流 promote free exchange of ideas and information
  • 电子书 e-books/electronic books
  • 提供很多搜索选择 provide many search options
  • 容易储存和携带 are easy to store and carry
  • 在屏幕上看电子书 read books on a screen
  • 可能造成眼睛疲劳或者头疼 may cause eye strain or headaches
  • 纸质书 paper books/printed books
  • 纸张的质感 the texture of the pages
  • 喜欢翻书的体验 enjoy turning the pages
  • 喜欢捧书的感觉 prefer to hold a real book in their hands
  • 不容易导致视疲劳 are easier on the eyes
  • 可以舒服地做笔记 can take notes comfortably
  • 网店 online shops
  • 以更低价格购物 shop at lower prices
  • 可以看用户评语 can read customer reviews
  • 实体店 physical shops/brick-and-mortar shops
  • 远程教育 distance education (students can study at their own pace)
  • 传统的实体教室 traditional/physical/brick-and-mortar classrooms
  • 面对面讨论 face-to-face discussions
  • 形成亲密友谊 form close friendships
  • （教师）利用网络资源来作为教学补充 supplement their teaching with online resources
  • 远程上班 work from home/work remotely
    • have more flexible work schedules
    • can achieve a better work-life balance
    • save money on transport costs
  • （雇主）减少办公室的开支 reduce office costs
  • （雇主）可以扩大招聘员工的选择范围 can expand their labor pool
  • 视频会议 video conference
  • 在一个虚拟的世界里 in a virtual world
  • 社交网络 social network
  • 视频分享网站 video-sharing websites (e.g. YouTube, TikTok, bilibili)
  • 参与网络论坛讨论 participate in online forum
  • 在网上和朋友互动 interact with friends online
  • 过度依赖 rely heavily on
  • 电脑制作的动画片 computer-generated animations
  • 人工智能 artificial intelligence
  • 是由计算机程序控制的 be controlled by computer programs
  • 更少犯错误 make fewer mistakes
  • 从事带有重复性的劳动 perform repetitive tasks
  • 导致失业 cause unemployment
  • 变得具备自我意识 become self-aware
  • 变得完全独立自主 become completely autonomous
  • 电子游戏机 video game consoles
  • 具有互动的娱乐 interactive entertainment
  • 提高眼手协调能力 increase hand-eye coordination
  • 激发想象力和创造力 stimulate imagination and creativity
  • online educational games (online language games; online math games; online quiz games)
  • online intellectual games (online chess; online puzzles)
  • 变得自我为中心对别人不关心 become self-centered and insensitive to others
  • 网瘾 Internet addiction
  • 对……上瘾 be addicted to
  • 导致缺少运动的生活方式 lead to a sedentary lifestyle
  • 长时间盯着电脑 stare at a computer screen for many hours
  • 导致缺少睡眠 cause lack of sleep
  • 美化暴力和杀戮 glorify violence and killing
  • 使儿童变得有攻击性 make children aggressive
  • 网络诈骗 online/Internet fraud
  • 电脑黑客 computer hackers
  • 邮件病毒 email viruses
  • （电脑）被感染病毒或者木马 be infected by viruses or Trojan horses
  • 科技对通讯方式的改变
  • 变革了我们的交流方式 has revolutionized/transformed/changed the way we communicate
  • 交流方式(名词) means of communication
  • 和亲友保持联系 keep in touch with their family and friends
  • stay connected with ….
  • 想家 feel homesick
  • 打视频电话 make video calls
  • (写信)更真诚考虑更周全 more sincere and thoughtful
  • 正式商务信函 formal business letters
  • 用手机上网 browse the Internet on their mobile phones
  • 用手机支付账单 pay bills with their mobile phones
  • 是一种重要的娱乐来源 is an important source of entertainment
  • 可能会出现头疼和注意力不集中的症状 may suffer from headaches and loss of concentration
  • 太空飞行 space flight (探索太空：explore (v.) space; space exploration (n.))
  • 太空旅游 space tourism
  • 涉及高风险/巨额费用 involve high risks/huge costs
  • 加重纳税人负担 increase the burden of taxpayers
  • 太空垃圾 space junk/waste
  • 满足好奇心 satisfy curiosity
  • 载人航天计划 manned missions
  • 和太空探索有关的科技发明 space-related inventions (pacemakers心脏起搏器/scratch-resistant lenses防刮镜片)
  • 在太空进行科学实验 perform scientific experiments in space
  • 扩展人类对于太空的知识 expand human knowledge about space
  • 激励孩子们去探索科技 inspire children to explore science and technology
  • 令人鼓舞的成就 inspiring achievements
  • 气象卫星 weather satellite(s) (provide reliable weather forecasts)
  • GPS (the Global Positioning System)-make driving easier and more comfortable

语言文化、音乐历史

  • 外语技能 foreign language skills
  • 熟练的掌握一门外语 become proficient in a foreign language, have a good command of a foreign language
  • 双语技能 bilingual skills
  • 有更多娱乐选择 have more entertainment choices
  • 有机会接触到不同的文化和生活方式 are exposed to different cultures and lifestyles
  • 对待文化差异会更宽容 are more tolerant of cultural differences
  • 对其它文化有更加开放的心态 are more open-minded towards other cultures
  • 可以更有创造力的思考 can think more creatively
  • 享有盛誉的大学 prestigious universities
  • 主流语言 dominant languages
  • 英语扩张 the expansion of English
  • 国际会议/商务会谈/贸易 international conferences/business meetings/trade
  • 非主流语言 a minority language (is spoken by a small group of people/is losing speakers)
  • 一种濒危语言 an endangered language
  • 灭绝 die out/go extinct
  • 母语 mother tongue/native language (gives them a sense of belonging归属感/forms part of their cultural identity 文化身份/helps them protect their customs and traditions风俗传统)
  • 感到和自己的文化传承脱节 feel disconnected from their heritage
  • 多元化社会 multicultural society
  • 文化多样性 cultural diversity
  • 来自各自不同背景的人 people from a wide variety of backgrounds
  • 文化差异 cultural differences
  • 有不同信仰和价值观 have different beliefs and values
  • 民族食品 ethnic food
  • 多元文化社会 multicultural society
  • 文化多样性 cultural diversity
  • 不同的风俗和传统 different customs and traditions
  • 建立理解和信任 build understanding and trust
  • 彼此之间和睦相处 live in harmony with each other
  • 享有平等的受教育和就业机会 have equal educational and employment opportunities
  • 语言（沟通）障碍 language barriers/ linguistic barriers
  • 紧张关系和冲突 tensions and conflicts
  • 在学校或者工作中存在的歧视 discrimination at school or in the workplace
  • 收到不公正的对待 are treated unfairly (…are paid lower wages)
  • 雇佣文化背景多样的劳动力 employ a culturally diverse workforce
  • 新移民 new immigrants
  • 为他们提供免费社会融入课程 provide them with free integration courses—help them integrate into society 融入社会
  • 感觉孤独和孤立 feel lonely and isolated
  • 文化传承 cultural heritage
  • 历史遗址 historic sites
  • 风俗习惯和传统 customs and traditions
  • 传统价值观 traditional values
  • 历史人物 historical figures
  • 历史时期 historical periods
  • 战争和冲突 wars and conflicts
  • 给我们共同记忆 give us a collective memory
  • 构成我们文化身份的一部分 form (v.) part of our cultural identity
  • 是艺术家创作灵感的重要来源 is a rich source of inspiration for artists
  • 从历史中汲取灵感 draw inspiration from history
  • 艺术产业 the art industry
  • 让城市有自己的特色 give character to a city
  • 用回收材料做的艺术品 works of art made from recycled materials
  • 民间音乐 folk music
  • 在人与人之间建立联系 create connections among people
  • (音乐)是一种共通的语言 an universal language
  • 音乐节 music festivals

全球化

  • 建立良好的关系 build good relationships
  • 改善国际关系 improve international relations
  • 紧密合作 work in partnership
  • 解决全球化问题 tackle global problems
  • 建立理解和信任 build understanding and trust
  • 促进国际和平和理解 promote international peace and understanding
  • 导致国家之间关系紧张 strain relations between countries
  • 国际贸易 international trade
  • 文化交流 cultural exchanges
  • 打击犯罪和恐怖主义 combat crime and terrorism
  • 互利的 are mutually beneficial
  • 进口商品 imported goods
  • 本国生产的商品 domestically produced goods
  • 当地生产的商品 locally produced goods
  • 国家之间自由贸易 free trade between countries
  • 吸引外资 attract foreign investment
  • 国际运输和通讯网 international transport and communication networks
  • 国际间劳动力迁移 international labor migration
  • （政府）鼓励他国人向本国移民 encourage immigration
  • 减轻劳动力短缺 ease labor shortages
  • 跨国公司 multinational corporations (例如：McDonald’s/Starbucks)
  • 被大批量生产 are mass-produced
  • (商品)被运往世界各地 are shipped around the world
  • 控制当地市场 dominate (vt.) the local market
  • 导致当地竞争者难以生存 drive their local competitors out of business

  • (The price cuts will disappear after supermarkets drive their competitors out of business.)

  • （不同国家的人）过着相似的生活 lead similar lifestyles
  • 分享相同的时尚和品牌 share the same fashions and brands
  • 看相同的电影和电视节目 watch the same films and television programs
  • 威胁文化多样性 threaten cultural diversity/pose a threat to cultural diversity
  • 削弱文化认同感 erode their sense of cultural identity
  • 国际援助 international aid
  • 人道主义援助 humanitarian aid (food aid; medical aid)
  • 援助国 donor countries
  • 受助国 recipient countries
  • 国际社会 the international community
  • 紧急援助 emergency aid
  • 自然灾害 natural disasters
  • 财政援助 financial aid
  • 减少饥饿和疾病 reduce hunger and disease
  • 减少极度饥饿和贫困 reduce starvation and extreme poverty
  • 滥用援助金 misuse (vt.) the aid money
  • 引发更多的腐败现象 lead to more corruption
  • 发展性援助 development aid
  • 创造就业 create jobs
  • 从发达国家向发展中国家进行技术转让 technology transfer
  • 技术培训项目 technical training programs
  • 教育交换计划 educational exchange programs
  • 改善基础设施 improve infrastructure
  • 改善教育和医疗 improve education and health care
  • 重建经济 rebuild the economy
  • 减少（受助国）对国际援助的依赖 reduce their dependence on international aid
  • 带有政治目的 is tied to political objectives
  • 旅游产业the tourism industry
  • 政府税收的主要来源 an important source of government tax revenue
  • 对当地资源构成压力 put pressure on local resources
  • (游客)消费当地商品和服务 spend money on local goods and services
  • 买旅游纪念品 buy souvenirs
  • 旅游景点 tourist attractions
  • 被过度商业化 be over-commercialized
  • 迎合游客的期待 meet tourists’ expectations
  • 旅游指南书 guide books
  • 探索当地文化 explore the local culture
  • 在神圣的地方保持举止得当 behave respectably in sacred places (e.g. temples)
  • 建立理解和信任 build trust and understanding

城市、社区、建筑类

  • 建筑的外观 the appearance of a building
  • 安全可靠 safe and reliable
  • 舒适环保 comfortable and eco-friendly
  • 有创意的设计 creative designs
  • 视觉上令人愉悦 is visually pleasing
  • 建筑的外部 the exterior of a building
  • 建筑的内部 the interior of a building
  • 建筑设计师和工程师 architects and building engineers
  • 住房需求的增加 the rising demand for housing
  • 高层建筑 high-rise buildings
  • 保护老建筑 preserve/protect old buildings
  • 给城市以特色 give character to a city
  • 旅游景点 tourist attractions
  • 地标 landmarks
  • 拆除老建筑 demolish old buildings
  • 为……腾出空间 make room for

  • e.g. The building will be demolished to make room for new constructions.

  • 城市区域 urban areas
  • 农村区域 rural areas
  • 城市居民 urban residents/dwellers
  • 搬到城市 move to cities/relocate to cities
  • 导致农村劳动力短缺 cause labor shortages in rural areas
  • 高的生活开支 high living costs
  • 城市规划师 city planners
  • 城市布局 the layout of a city
  • 休闲区域 recreational areas
  • 商业区域 commercial areas
  • 工业区域 industrial zones
  • 实现对于土地的高效利用 achieve efficient land use
  • 步行区 a car-free zone/a pedestrian zone
  • 自行车道 bike lanes
  • （博物馆）门票费 admission fees
  • 收取门票费 charge (v.) admission fees
  • 提供免费参观 offer free admission
  • 购买纪念品 buy souvenirs
  • 运营成本 operating costs
  • 来自馆内礼品店的销售收入 revenue from gift shop sales
  • 政府提供资助 government funding (n.)
  • 私人捐赠 private donations
  • (游客)探索当地文化和历史 explore the local culture and history
  • (展品)被陈列 are on display
  • 具有教育意义的活动 educational activities
  • 互动性活动 interactive activities
  • 触摸屏 touch screens
  • 提供电脑资源为主的图书馆 computer-based libraries/digital libraries
  • 增强社区成员之间的联系 strengthen community connections
  • 与邻居发展良好的关系 develop good relationships with their neighbors
  • 减少犯罪和反社会行为 reduce crime and anti-social behavior

政府类

  • 投钱
    • invest (v.) in – investment (n.)
    • spend money on
    • allocate (v.) money to
    • sth. be funded by governments
  • 收税 impose (v.) a tax on sth.
  • 收重税 impose high taxes on sth.
  • 交税 pay taxes to the government
  • 是政府税收的重要来源 is an important source of government tax revenue
  • 创造就业 create jobs
  • 减少贫困 reduce poverty
  • 提高教育水平 raise educational standards
  • 促进经济增长 boost economic growth
  • 阻碍经济发展 hinder economic growth
  • 鼓励创新 encourage innovation
  • 基本生活需求 basic necessities (包括：food, clothing, housing, health care, education……)
  • 贫困当中的人 people in need
  • 低收入家庭 low-income families
  • 无家可归的人 homeless people
  • 失业的人 jobless/unemployed people
  • 生活在贫困线下 live below the poverty line
  • 减少社会不公 reduce social inequality
  • 减少收入不均 reduce income inequality
  • 过度依赖政府 rely too much on the government
  • 减少他们对于政府的依赖 reduce their dependence on governments
  • 给他们提供职业培训 provide them with vocational training
  • 升级他们的技能 upgrade their skills
  • 依靠自己的劳动生活自力更生 earn a living to support themselves
  • 资金不足 be under-funded
  • 人员不足 be under-staffed
  • 为……提供资助 give financial support to
  • 遇到财务困难 face financial difficulties
  • 保证教育机会公平 ensure equal opportunities for all students/ ensure equality in education
  • 把……当作当务之急 give priority to
  • 把资金从……改用到…… divert money from …… to ……

  • e.g. It would be better to divert money from defence to developing green technologies.

  • 浪费公共资源 be a waste of public money
  • 完善公共服务 improve public services
  • 公共服务包括：education, healthcare services, public transport services, environmental protection, state pensions (养老金), unemployment benefits (失业救济金), child benefits (儿童福利金), national security
  • 改善基础设施 improve infrastructure
  • 制定法律 introduce laws to

  • e.g. introduce laws to protect the environment

  • 制定更加严格的法律 tighten the law on

  • e.g. tighten the law on media violence

  • 禁止 impose a ban on

  • e.g. impose a ban on mobile phone use while driving

  • 监管 regulate (v.)

  • e.g. regulate the advertising of unhealthy food

  • 采取措施 take some measures/take some actions
  • 一个目光短浅的政策 a short-sighted policy
  • 武装力量 armed forces
  • 军费开支 military spending
  • 紧张关系和冲突 tensions and conflicts
  • 政府干预 government interference
  • 限制自由 restrict freedom
  • 增进公众的健康 improve public health
  • 组织大规模宣传活动 run campaigns to encourage people to

  • e.g. Governments can run campaigns to encourage people to use public transport.

  • 最大化利益 maximize profits
  • 最小化成本 minimize costs

老龄化

  • 老年人 elderly people/ senior citizens
  • 上升的人口寿命 the increasing/rising life expectancy
  • 高出生率 high birth rates
  • 控制人口增长 control/limit population growth
  • 增加医疗体系的负担 increase the burden on the healthcare system
  • 增加纳税人负担 increase the burden on taxpayers
  • 导致对医疗服务的需求增加 increase the demand for healthcare services
  • 医疗工作者的短缺 a shortage of healthcare workers

  • (The challenges include an ageing workforce and shortages of healthcare workers)

  • 退休的人 retired people;retirees
  • 退休年龄the retirement age
  • 工作的成年人 working adults
  • 更少的工作人口 a smaller working population
  • 人口出生率低 low birth rates
  • 劳动力短缺 labour shortages
  • 国家养老金体系 the state pension system
  • 提高法定退休年龄 raise/increase/extend the retirement age
  • 鼓励其它国家向本国移民 encourage immigration
  • 养老存款 retirement savings
  • 上升的生活成本 rising living costs
  • 医疗费用 healthcare costs
  • 遇到财务困难 face financial difficulties
  • 到退休年龄后还要继续工作 work beyond the retirement age
  • 有一份稳定的收入来源 have a steady source of income
  • （老员工）经验更丰富 have more experience
  • 忠诚可靠 are loyal and reliable
  • 有更强大的职业关系网 have stronger professional networks
  • 对很多问题持有保守态度 hold conservative views on many issues
  • 不愿意接受新想法 are reluctant to accept new ideas
  • （年轻员工）更有创造力 are more innovative
  • 思想更开放 are more open-minded
  • 有志向且精力充沛 are ambitious and energetic
  • 具有更好电脑技能 have better computer skills
  • 更可能冒险 are more likely to take risks
  • 缺少实践经验 lack (v.) practical experience
  • 可能做出鲁莽决定 may make rash decisions
  • 年龄歧视 age discrimination
  • 跨越代沟 bridge the generation gap
  • 确保所有求职者都有平等的机会 ensure equal opportunities for all job applicants
  • 照顾年迈父母 look after their elderly parents
  • 分享智慧和人生经历 share their wisdom and life experience with their grandchildren
  • 核子家庭 nuclear family (小家庭)
  • are more independent
  • have more privacy and freedom
  • 大家庭 extended family
  • 还房贷 pay their mortgage
  • 分担家庭职责 share household tasks (cleaning, cooking, doing the laundry, taking young children to school in the morning)
  • 工作的父母 working parents
  • 节省照顾小孩的钱 save on childcare costs (….help families save on childcare costs)
  • (祖父母和父母)有不同育儿观点 have different ideas about child rearing
  • …不同的生活方式和价值观have different lifestyles and values
  • 引起家庭冲突 cause family conflict
  • 追溯家族历史 trace family history
  • 令人激动的发现过程 is an exciting process of discovery
  • 满足关于祖先的好奇心 satisfy their curiosity about their ancestors
  • 家庭健康史 family health history (help people prevent some diseases)

健康类

  • 导致久坐不动/缺少运动的生活方式 lead to a sedentary lifestyle
  • 吃健康的、均衡的饮食 eat/have a healthy and balanced diet
  • 形成健康的饮食习惯 develop healthy eating habits
  • 在年轻人中推广健康的生活方式 promote healthy lifestyles among young people
  • 家里做的饭菜 home-cooked meals
  • 减少患心脏病的风险 reduce the risk of heart disease

  • e.g. Children who have more home-cooked meals are at lower risk of heart disease.

  • 低脂、低糖的饮食 a low-fat and low-sugar diet
  • 富含蔬菜的饮食 a diet rich in vegetables
  • 过一种快节奏的生活 lead a fast-paced lifestyle
  • 含糖高的饮料 sugary drinks
  • 高卡路里的饮食 a high-calorie diet
  • 变得过重 become overweight
  • 儿童肥胖 childhood obesity
  • 缺少运动的生活方式 a sedentary lifestyle
  • 接受健康的生活方式 adopt a healthy lifestyle
  • 经常锻炼 exercise regularly
  • 经常步行或者骑车 walk or cycle regularly
  • 增加身体活动量 increase their physical activity

  • e.g. There are a number of steps that parents can take to help their children learn how to increase their physical activity.

  • 提高免疫机能 boost the immune system
  • 更高效更有活力的工作 can work more efficiently and energetically
  • 减压 relieve stress
  • 减轻压力和焦虑 reduce stress and anxiety
  • 团队运动 team sports
  • 促进团体精神 promote team spirit
  • 顽强的意志力 strong willpower
  • 毅力和决心 perseverance and determination
  • 体育场和运动中心 stadiums and sports centers
  • 足球场 football pitch
  • 网球场 tennis court
  • 主办奥运会 host (v.) the Olympic Games
  • 门票销售 tickets sales
  • 广告收入 advertising revenue
  • 奥运奖牌获得者 Olympic medalists
  • 奥运场馆建设 the construction of Olympic venues
  • 安全措施 security measures
  • 增加纳税人的负担 increase the burden on taxpayers
  • 超出预算 go over budget
  • 电视播出的赛事 televised sports events
  • 涉及高风险 involve high risks (n.)
  • 冒着生命危险 risk (v.) their lives
  • 头部和颈部损伤 head and neck injury
  • 企业赞助商 corporate sponsors
  • 个人捐款者 individual donors
  • 医疗费用 healthcare costs
  • 医疗领域的进步 medical advances
  • 在以前不能治愈的疾病 previously incurable diseases
  • 可以被治疗和治愈can be treated and cured
  • 减少看电视的时间 reduce television viewing
  • 坚持有规律的作息 keep a regular sleep schedule
  • 保持健康状况 maintain good health
  • 增进健康和幸福感 improve their health and well-being
  • 健康节目 health programs
  • 提供可靠的健康信息 provide reliable health information
  • 冷冻食物 frozen food
  • 罐装食物 canned food
  • 保证食物 packaged food
  • 新鲜食物 fresh food (is more nutritious更加有营养)
  • 食物的远程运输 be transported over long distances
  • 增加温室气体排放 increase greenhouse gas emissions
  • 加剧气候变化 contribute to climate change
  • 含有化学添加剂 contain chemical additives
  • 食物防腐剂 food preservatives
  • 对消费者构成健康风险 pose health risks to consumers
  • 基因工程技术 genetic engineering technology
  • 转基因农作物 genetically modified crops / GM food
  • 提高农作物产量 increase crop yield
  • （转基因作物）更加抗虫害 be more resistant to diseases and insects
  • 扰乱食物链 disrupt the food chain
  • 监管转基因食物 regulate genetically modified food/ GM food
  • 看电视上瘾 television addiction (n.)
  • 对健康有害 is damaging to their health/cause damage to their health
  • 有机食品 organic food
  • 是未使用化学产品生产的 are produced without chemicals
  • 医学研究 medical research
  • 研发新的药品和疫苗 develop new medicines and vaccines
  • 制药公司 pharmaceutical companies
  • 检测新药的安全性 test the safety of new medicines

情感、感受类

  • 荣誉感 a sense of pride
  • 归属感 a sense of belonging
  • 感到无聊和沮丧 feel bored and frustrated
  • 导致紧张和焦虑 cause stress and anxiety